Statistics By Rajat: Statistics and Research to Help

                                                                      Cross-tabulation   It is used to measure the relationship in two categorical variables. It is used to measure the chi-square test. For measuring the chi-square test there are two conditions: 1.Variables should be measured in nominal or ordinal level. 2. Variables should contain two or more categorical or independent groups. For example, to teach statistics for undergraduates,educators have to know their auidence(male,female) and which mode of learning they want(online,offline).So,here two nominal variables gender and medium of learning. Steps how to do chi-square in SPSS using cross-tabulation: Step1:  Referring to the above examples, two variables are gender,medium of learning. Click  A nalyze > D e scriptives Statistics >  C rosstabs...  on the top menu, as shown below: Step 2: Following dialog-box of cross-tab will be open: Step 3: Transfer the variables into row and columns i.e in this case gender will be i

                                       M Measurement Scales in SPSS 1.Nominal: It is measurement scale in which numbers are used as "tags"or "labels" which is used to classify an object.It deals with non-numeric variables.It is used for the purpose of classification. for example, in case of gender scale,it can be classified as Male=1 and Female=2. It is used for only for counting purposes. 2.Ordinal: It is the second level of measurement in which ranking of data without actually establishing the degree of variation between them. Likert Scale through which we can measure the order. Scale: Divided into two parts: 1. Interval Scale 2. Ratio Scale 1.Interval Scale: In this measurement variables are measured in exact manner not in relative manner. Example: Likert Scale Net Promoter Score(NPS) Bipolar Matrix Table 2.Ratio Scale It allows researchers to compare the differences or intervals. The ratio scale has a unique feature. It possesses the character of the origin or z

                              SPSS – What Is It S PSS  means “ S tatistical  P ackage for the  S ocial  S ciences” and was first launched in 1968. Since SPSS was acquired by IBM in 2009, it's officially known as IBM SPSS.Generally it is used to analyze various types of data of sectors and most researcher uses this tool as it is open source anybody can use it for analysis purpose. How to Read data in SPSS It can be read through various sources: 1. Statistical file of SPSS. 2. Excel/CSV 3. Database Application 4. Text file 1.Reading Statistical file of SPSS. Statistical files are saved with the .sav extension. following are the steps. Open the “ Menu ” and go to “ File ” option. Select “ Open ”. Click on “ Data ”. Search for the file sample.sav and open it. The Data Editor displays the data in the file. 2. Reading data from   Excel/CSV 1. Open the "Menu"  and go to "file" menu. 2. Click on Import Data. 3.Click on Excel/CSV 3. Reading data from  Database Applicatio