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Cross-tabulation and How to measure chi-square in SPSS

                                                                    Cross-tabulation 
It is used to measure the relationship in two categorical variables. It is used to measure the chi-square test. For measuring the chi-square test there are two conditions:

1.Variables should be measured in nominal or ordinal level.
2. Variables should contain two or more categorical or independent groups.

For example, to teach statistics for undergraduates,educators have to know their auidence(male,female) and which mode of learning they want(online,offline).So,here two nominal variables gender and medium of learning.

Steps how to do chi-square in SPSS using cross-tabulation:
Step1: Referring to the above examples, two variables are gender,medium of learning.
Click Analyze > Descriptives Statistics > Crosstabs... on the top menu, as shown below:

Shows the menu for the chi-square test of independence in SPSS Statistics

Step 2:
Following dialog-box of cross-tab will be open:


'Crosstabs' dialogue box for the chi-square test of independence in SPSS Statistics

Step 3:
Transfer the variables into row and columns i.e in this case gender will be in row and mode of learning in columns.
'Crosstabs' dialogue box. 'Gender' & 'Preferred_Learning_Medium' transferred into 'Row(s)' & 'Column(s)' boxes respectively

Step 4:
Click on statistics and dialog box will be opened.
'Crosstabs: Statistics' dialogue box for the chi-square test of independence in SPSS Statistics

Step 5:
Click on checkbox of chi-square and Phi and cramer's V.
'Crosstabs: Statistics' where the aforementioned options have been selected

Step 6:

Click on Continue.

Step 7:
Click on Cells button.
'Crosstabs: Cell Display' dialogue box for the chi-square test of independence in SPSS Statistics


Step 8:
Click on  observed,row,column,total.
'Crosstabs: Cell Display' dialogue box where the aforementioned options have been selected

Step 9:
Click on Continue.

Step 10:
Click on format button.

Step 11:
Arrange in ascending,descending order.

'Crosstabs: Table Format' dialogue box for the chi-square test of independence in SPSS Statistics showing 'Row Order' options

Step 12:
Click on Continue.
Step 13:
Click on OK to generate output.


SPSS Output:

The Cross tabulation Table (Gender*Preferred Learning Medium Cross-tabulation)

'Crosstabulation' table for the chi-square test of independence in SPSS Statistics
This table allows us to understand that both males and females prefer to learn using online or offline.

The Chi-Square Tests Table

'Chi-Square Tests' table for the chi-square test of independence in SPSS Statistics. Shows statistics for Pearson Chi-Square
When reading this table we are interested in the results of the "Pearson Chi-Square" row. We can see here that χ(1) = 0.487, p = .485. This tells us that there is no statistically significant association between Gender and medium of learning.

The Symmetric Measures Table

'Symmetric Measures' table for the chi-square test of independence in SPSS Statistics. Shows Phi and Cramer's V

Phi and Cramer's V are both tests of the strength of association. We can see that the strength of association between the variables is very weak.



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